Διάβασε τον κώδικα προσεκτικά

def show_chain(exc: BaseException) -> str:
    parts = []
    while exc:
        parts.append(type(exc).__name__)
        exc = exc.__cause__ or exc.__context__
    return " <- ".join(parts)


# Case A: explicit `raise X from Y`
try:
    try:
        raise ValueError("inner")
    except ValueError as e:
        raise RuntimeError("outer") from e
except RuntimeError as e:
    print(f"A: {show_chain(e)}")
    cause_name = type(e.__cause__).__name__ if e.__cause__ else "None"
    print(f"   __cause__={cause_name}, suppress={e.__suppress_context__}")

# Case B: implicit `raise X` (no `from`)
try:
    try:
        raise ValueError("inner")
    except ValueError as e:
        raise RuntimeError("outer")
except RuntimeError as e:
    print(f"B: {show_chain(e)}")
    cause_name = type(e.__cause__).__name__ if e.__cause__ else "None"
    ctx_name = type(e.__context__).__name__ if e.__context__ else "None"
    print(f"   __cause__={cause_name}, __context__={ctx_name}")

# Case C: bare `raise` re-raise
try:
    try:
        raise ValueError("inner")
    except ValueError:
        raise
except ValueError as e:
    print(f"C: {show_chain(e)}")
    cause_name = type(e.__cause__).__name__ if e.__cause__ else "None"
    ctx_name = type(e.__context__).__name__ if e.__context__ else "None"
    print(f"   __cause__={cause_name}, __context__={ctx_name}")

Τι θα εμφανίσει το πρόγραμμα; Γράψε εδώ: